Interesting that you would bring this up at this time. It came to mind last night that the story has touched all aspects of heating with no final outcome. I have been reading this thread recently as a "who dunnit" mystery waiting for the perpetrator to show up. Thought about going back and reading it as maple did but I was too lazy, however I did want to mention a few things that came to mind as I was reading through it.
Was it ever established that a single firing was "normal", meaning the fire lasted about the amount of time it should have for a given amount of wood?
Another thing that caught my attention was the claim that small pieces of soot came out of the BD at one point which made me suspect there may have been a back draft. Are there any tall trees within 100 or 150 feet of the chimney?
Getting to the insulation part. If the home is as dry as described at this time of the year, there could be a couple reasons. One being air infiltration and the other being an extremely well installed vapor barrier under and around the foundation, which I doubt, with no vapor barrier in the ceiling. I experienced the latter in a house I built in 1979. All my furniture fell apart and I used to carry a quarter in my pocket to discharge myself before touching a door knob. Also don't pet the cat against the grain of the hair
By adding a layer of iso board to the ceiling you would be adding insulation and vapor barrier. Although I've never done this on a ceiling, I've done several walls. The home I have now has 1.5 inch iso board under half inch drywall on most of the outside walls. Don't worry about getting extended electrical boxes. Just remove the existing boxes from the wood framing and install those "handi boxes" that anchor to the back of the drywall. Apply plastic tape to all joints in the insulation board.
Several years ago one of my brothers was having a house built (mansion in my eyes) and I happened to visit about the time the insulation was being installed. They weren't scrimping on insulation. Their choice for insulation exceeded any requirements however the installation was terrible. As he was walking me through I pointed out the poor workmanship and he took it personally and assumed I was criticizing his house and he ended the tour. After a couple years he sold the place because he couldn't heat it. There's conduction, convection, radiant and infiltration heat loss with infiltration being the worst. Just open a window and you'll agree.
For all those who have cathedral ceilings in the cold part of the country, wouldn't it be nice if we could train ourselves to live on the ceiling for 7 months of the year.