Yeah, that one had me scratching my head. The original incentives were sold to the public as giving each manufacturer a certain amount of "guaranteed sales", such that they could anticipate recouping a certain amount of their R&D investment in going into EV's. But by allowing Tesla to continue receiving rebates way beyond the initial 250,000(?) units that many of the legacy brands have not yet achieved, he's essentially giving customers more incentive to continue going with that one brand, while the others try to play catch up.
No excuses, I know the others should have moved more quickly to have been even ahead of Tesla, but that's Detroit.
GM and Nissan had also run through the original 250k unit sales if I recall correctly. Nowadays both Nissan and GM look to be bringing up the rear on EVs despite their early efforts. Nissan scaled back their efforts after their CEO Ghosn left in scandal (the LEAF was his pet project). And GM, despite building the EV-1 20 years ago, just bought the entire EV drive train for the Bolt from a Korean subcontractor, LG.
The US does incentives like this strangely, always with a cap or a sunset date. Like the solar and wind rebates were always on a two year horizon, and then needed to be renewed by the next congress every time. And it was on again, off again.
You could argue that when incentivizing a new industrial policy, or a new infrastructure, which require large scale investments over decade long periods of time, these small caps and two year sunsets seriously uncut the usefulness of the incentive in the first place.
This is why the IRA is so important... it has a 10 year horizon, and no caps on EV sales. As a result it will be both far more effective than the earlier incentives, and far more expensive. And restricted to 'mined, refined and made in the USA' or select 'friend-shoring' countries. Paid off with a combination of soak the rich tax increases and the usual smoke and mirrors.
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While I am no Tesla fan boy, Tesla DID drive the EV transition to the current tipping point. Not with the launch of the Model S in 2010. The Volt and LEAF were launched at the same time, and sold in similar volumes (with lower prices and margins). The change came when production of any EV was first scaled to that of a normal ICE model. That was the Tesla model 3, in 2018. After production was first scaled in Fremont, that line was replicated in Shanghai, Germany, and then in Texas.
Compared to the compliance cars of the 2010s typically selling 10-20k units per year, Tesla scaled the model 3 production to 250k units per year in 2018, 500k units in 2019 and more than 1 million units/year by 2021. And the Model 3 became the best selling car model in several regions (including Germany, France and California) once they became widely available. The first BEV to 'top the charts' against ICE models. But it wouldn't be the last.
en.wikipedia.org
The Model Y is on its heels now... it sold 750k units in 2022, and surpassed the Corolla to be the best selling car model globally in Q1 2023.
During my daily commute, I see lots of model 3s and model Y's. Probably more than Priuses, and comparable to Corollas.
To its credit, VW has also scaled production of EVs, with an early build out of plug-in hybrids. PHEVs had a great EU rebate incentive, and were widely sold as 'company cars' in Germany and the EU. This was a bit of a boondoggle, bc the car owners all had a free gas card courtesy of their company, but were not reimbursed for charging at home! So very few of those plug-ins were ever charged off the grid. But it did help VW to get its EV effort scaled, and they switched to BEVs with the ID.x series. VW sold >100k ID.4s worldwide in 2021, and >150k in 2022.
Beyond Tesla and VW, the only makers scaling production are Chinese startups like BYD, that are getting huge incentives from the CCP.
In comparison, GM and Ford both sold well below 100k total BEVs in 2022 and 2023, but spent a TON on advertizing in the US both years.
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In conclusion, the old $7500 rebates were great. I got those 2x, on a 2013 LEAF and a 2017 Bolt. But as an inustrial policy, they did little but spawn the production of a small selection of low volume compliance cars as 'science projects' by the legacy makers. And much of the money went to foreign makers (Nissan, VW, BMW. Kia/Hyundai) or to foreign subcontrators (LG) and ultimately led to growth in the lithium supply chain in China as a result.
The IRA incentives, with their much hated domestic restrictions, are coming after the EV tipping point (due to Tesla, mostly after the earlier rebates had ended for them), and are both forcing the reshoring of production and supply chains, and are pulling mass EV adoption forward, having real impact on future CO2 emissions.