It's single wall pipe, I use a point and shoot infrared type thermometer on it.
Do you know if it helps to seal up the catalyst thermometer probe hole? My probe is pretty loose in that hole and I feel like it would shoot air right at the cat.
Is it an issue at all that it's pulling so much air where the oval adapter connects to the stove? It's not a very tight fit there...maybe half inch to three quarters inch gap.
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Yes try to seal up the adapter, that is a big gap. Try stuffing a rope gasket there (gently) using a flat head Screwdriver. I would start there. Leave the cat probe hole alone for now.
400 surface flue is about 800 inside the flue. You have to start closing the damper earlier. At what point do you start closing the primary air? It is common practice here to start closing in intervals at around 900 cat reading.