I'm no expert but I've had the same stove for 25 years, great stove. Based on the label plate stating it's a catalytic, it's probably the Series 8 AP. The round hole at the top is, I believe, simply there to replace if it wears out. It's the top of the stove so that piece gets quite hot... after 24 years I replaced mine... IIRC due to it becoming a bit thin, or maybe the edges were starting to recede a bit... but it definitely had a funky gasket that didn't seal anymore due to the wear on the part. There are no firebricks, there are burn plates (essentially steel plates on the walls of the stove) to protect the outer walls.
Lift the top of the stove off (no bolts, just lift) and operate the bypass damper on the top left. you'll see the damper open and close. inspect that bypass damper for signs of "melting", like a corner that isn't there, cracks, or anything that doesn't allow a good seal... but the gasket can be easily replaced if that's the only problem with the seal. Look inside at the plates on the 2 walls for cracks or melted areas. For example, I can see in your photos that the back burn plate has melted away, that's the part inside on the bottom of the back wall, leaving jagged edges on the plate. See my post this morning and that's what it's supposed to look like. Mine has done that twice, although I never overfire it, and I'm not sure exaclty why or what the permanent fix is, but based solely on my experience I'm guessing it's not uncommon. It's a relatively easy fix if nothing is rusted too badly.
On the catalytic, read the manual... it explains all about it. You're looking for cracks or missing pieces, although it's harder to tell if the catalytic looks ok but has been poisoned... there may be others who can tell you better about that. FWIW I spent about $700 replacing parts a few years ago... back burn plate, top hole cover, catalytic, and I think the front grate but I can't remember right now. Money well spent, and my stove should now last another 10-20 if everything else holds. So after 20 years of use it's normal to need some replacement parts. PB Blaster is your friend for those rusted/heated bolts. And on occasion, a good drill or bolt/screw extractor (if you're lucky enough for it to work) to drill out the really stubborn ones.
Here's more info and parts:
https://www.woodmanspartsplus.com/68/details/8634/Series-8-and-Series-8AP/8639.html
FWIW, if you're unsure get someone who knows stoves to look it over... theyr'e not rocket science, but you don't want to fire a broken stove to 600. And unless they were replaced recently, I'd repalce all the gaskets so you're starting fresh with good seals. Good luck... this baby kicks out a lot of heat and has an 8 hr overnight burn, and I've read that some Jotul salespeople say it's the best stove Jotul ever made.