Reaching now: Some more info plagerised from many sources, all UNCONFIRMED, some decidedly DANGEROUS. Remember, ash is caustic.
Fertilizer
Ash contains potash (potassium carbonate), phosphate, iron, manganese, boron, copper and zinc and can be quite beneficial as a natural fertilizer... sometimes. Wood ash increases the pH or alkalinity of soil, so use sparingly. The University of North Carolina Cooperative Extension recommends using wood charcoal mixed with wood ash as an amendment to garden soil. Charcoal helps bind soil nutrients, including potash provided by wood ash, to keep them from leaching from the soil. Some references to mixing with urine as an enhanced fertilizer.
I've just now learned that Ash in contact with fresh greens in compost can actually turn nitrogen to ammonia. Better to add to finished compost befor spreading or just add sparringly when you're putting lots of browns in (like the fall leaves).
How to make Lye with Ashes:
http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Lye Be Careful.
11. As a spot remover on wood furniture. Mix it in with a small amount of water until you create a paste. Rub over rings left by water glasses or hot beverages, and follow up with a furniture polish. Test on a small area first.
12. In the chicken yard (keeps down the smell and insects) chickens will dust bathe in them too.
13. Can be used as leavening for bread by putting the ash in a box, mixing plenty of water in and catching it in a pan below the box.
14. Concrete additive
15. Mine tailing rehabilitation-alkaline wood ash neutralizes acidic mine tailings and adds fertilizer values promoting growth and rehabilitation.
16. Oil and Acid Spill Cleanup. Very absoptive.
17. Ingredient in creating potasium nitrate for gunpowder.
18. You can make an effective stove or furnace cement from a mixture of wood ashes and common salt that has been mixed with enough water to make a thick paste that is spread over any holes or leaks that have formed on the body of the stove or furnace. When the things heats up the cement sets on the leak sealing the leak. It can also be used to join lengths of stove pipe, or in most applications where fireclay is used. More wood ash cement info @ (broken link removed)
19. Making "Century Eggs". Yep, edible.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_egg
20. Used as a component in some ceramic glaze recipes.
21. Ashes > lye = ingredient for making biodiesel.
22. For drawing out insect hairs and stingers. And with that it relieves the itch/sting.
23. Helps blood to clot from cuts.
24. As an antacid.
25. Foot powder to kill fungus.
26. With dried corn to make Aztec dish "nixtamal"
27. Fire Extinguisher (really? not in my insert...)
28. Melt ice-dams on the roof.
29. If you wrap a dry cured ham in cheese cloth and bury it in wood ashes, it will keep for up to 3 months without refrigeration. Yum!
30. Used in tanning hides.
31. To unclog drains.
32. Put wood ash on fresh wood when pruning trees - to help the tree heal.
33. Insulation.
34. Can etch aluminum.
35. Can slow corrosion on steel.
36. To clean greasy pans when camping.